Companies are selling information about people's salaries, investment
values and pension size for as little as 5p without consent, the
Daily Mail said.
It is feared it will be used to scam pensioners who can access their
full pension pots under new rules in April.
Information Commissioner Christopher Graham said he was investigating.
He told the BBC that the claims were "very serious" and said
he was in touch with the pensions regulator, the financial conduct authority
and the police.
"There are lots of people out there who are trying to take
advantage of leads that they get to sell you stuff," he said.
"In this particular area with large sums of money at stake because
of pensions liberalisation, the very simple message is don't take big financial
decisions on the back of a phone call."
'Huge spike' in scams
The Daily Mail said its undercover reporters were able to buy pension details by claiming they were from a cold-calling company.The ICO has previously said the pension changes coming into effect on 6 April could lead to more people being conned.
Steve Eckersley, head of enforcement at the ICO, said the information being sold could be used to target people "at a critical point in their financial lives" - and warned of a potentially "huge spike" in scam texts and calls.
He said the claims pointed to "a frequent disregard of laws that are in place specifically to protect consumers" and said the ICO would "be launching an investigation immediately".
"We're aware of allegations raised against several companies involved in the cold-calling sector, and will be making inquiries to establish whether there have been any breaches of the Data Protection Act or Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations," he said.
The ICO has the power to issue fines of up to £500,000 for the most serious breaches and can pursue criminal prosecutions around unlawfully obtaining or accessing personal data.
"We'll be speaking to the Pensions Regulator, the Financial Conduct Authority and the police about the information the Daily Mail has shown us," Mr Eckersley added.
Shadow work and pensions secretary Rachel Reeves called the revelations shocking, and urged ministers to "act quickly to protect savers from these serious threats to people's hard earned retirement income".
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