The tap-to-pay system will compete with Apple Pay in the burgeoning mobile payments market.
The market is estimated to be worth $1tn (£650bn) in 2017.
Technology companies are trying to convince shoppers to use their handsets, rather than plastic cards, to pay for purchases.
Android Pay can be used with smartphones that have near-field communication (NFC) capability and Google's KitKat 4.4+ operating system.
It will allow users to store their credit card details on their phones, as well as loyalty cards and other data.
Existing
users of the Google Wallet app can access Android Pay through an
update, while new users can download it from the Google Play app store
in the coming days.
Retailers including Macy's, Bloomingdale's and Subway are among the first to participate in Android Pay, with more to come.
It will be extended to mobile checkouts in some apps later this year.
The Google system will support credit and debit cards from providers
including MasterCard, Visa and American Express, as well as banks
including Bank of America, with Citigroup and Wells Fargo to follow.
Rather
than passing users' credit card details to a retailer, both the Google
and Apple systems generate a "token" so the actual data is not revealed
during a transaction, reducing the risk of data theft.
Last month, Samsung launched its own mobile wallet service, called Samsung Pay, in South Korea.
It will be available in the US from 28 September, with countries including the UK, Spain and China to follow.
Google is yet to reveal when Android Pay will be available outside the US.
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